What is Kinetic Architecture?
Kinetic architecture allows parts of a building to operate independently, manually, or electronically without altering the structural integrity of the building. The concept is similar to the drawbridge used in the Middle Ages, now extended to include sophisticated exterior schemes that modify the façade according to external stimuli.
The origin of kinetic architecture came from the need to combine reactions to environmental conditions with structural designs. Facades can be changed dynamically, transforming static, monolithic buildings into ever-moving surfaces that fascinate onlookers and residents alike.
What is Kinetic Architecture Beneficial for?
Kinetic architecture projects are often one-off, costly, and aesthetic. But in modern times, they have become increasingly practical, with various engineering principles being used for multiple purposes.
Kinetic pieces of a building have become a viable alternative to traditional building designs in aesthetics and functionality.
An example of this is the 145-meter-tall Aedas Architects' Al Bahar Towers development in Abu Dhabi, which opened in 2012. Its responsive façade has a shading system that creates a screen. This screen is two meters outside the building's exterior and acts as a curtain. The panels are triangular and are coated with fiberglass. They are programmed to respond to the sun's movement during the day and modify themselves accordingly. This movable architecture reduces the amount of heat in the building by shielding the building from solar glare.
This helps save money spent on the artificial heating and cooling systems of the building. The panels are aesthetically pleasing and inspired by beautiful traditional Islamic geometric designs, representing a significant part of the cultural heritage.
What Purpose Does a Movable Part of a Building Have?
Kinetic architecture focuses on building structures that can evolve with their surroundings by responding to the stimulus in its environment. Kinetic facades perform multiple functions. It can be just about providing stunning visuals like the Megafon Pavilion, located at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Park entrance.
The pavilion boasted the world's first 3D selfie using a kinetic façade that can transform into three dimensions to recreate visitors' faces. If trying to look good is one of the functions, then utility plays a significant part too. Take, for example, Ernst Giselbrecht + Partner's Kiefer Technic Showroom.
The façade is made of 112 large metal tiles that change throughout the day to provide optimal temperature inside the building. People inside can control the tiles according to their preferences.
Kinetic architecture is not just designed to respond to temperature and light. The Oxford Street Debenhams Store and the Brisbane Domestic Terminal Carpark have aluminum shingles that react to wind, providing shade from sun and rain and providing a pleasant visual experience.
Is It Worth the Cost?
Kinetic architecture might look costly, but its potential comes out in the long run, mainly when used in the right environmental conditions.
In 2018, commercial and residential buildings accounted for 40 percent of America's total energy consumption. Many experts believe that kinetic architecture could drastically cut down carbon footprint with climate change at the door.
When light and temperature are regulated by the building naturally, the cost of building and maintaining internal heating and cooling systems is drastically reduced, saving on power bills and reaching new levels of sustainability.
Materials to construct these kinetic structures are also readily available and affordable. The challenge is to integrate these foldable designs into the static parts of the building, which can be achieved through superior design capabilities.
Does it Require More Maintenance?
The Sharifi-ha House in Iran can twist around like a Rubik's cube and open or close parts of the building outside at will. Even though this requires a good amount of maintenance, it is worth considering the money it might save on energy bills.
Kinetic architecture can change the way we live, work, and spend our free time, but it poses challenges of its own. One of them is how to incorporate this new style into the subsequent addition of the building. Special considerations have to be kept in mind while designing and executing these kinetic elements as they require a high level of collaboration among many aspects. Architects need to foresee the changes a building might go through in the future and how the kinetic elements fit into it. This may not be possible for all types of places.
Another challenge is the electronic and mechanical systems that push and pull the kinetic elements of the buildings. Their maintenance requires dedicated full-time engineers working round-the-clock to keep each component moving without any hindrance. Even if one of the components fails to coordinate with the rest, then the whole setup falls flat or, worse, breaks down.
Conclusion
Kinetic facades are increasingly becoming popular among emerging nations to showcase their design talents. It can also be a powerful tool to give a fresh perspective to old architecture ideas such as beauty, sustainability, comfort, using bold and technologically progressive designs.